The occurrence of lymphoma was found to be higher in spayed than intact females ( 5), as was the occurrence of mast cell tumors ( 6) and hemangiosarcoma ( 7). Certain cancers are also known to be more likely in neutered than intact dogs. Neutering is reported to be a risk factor for canine intervertebral disc herniation in Dachshunds ( 4). Another study found that neutering was associated with a 3-fold increase in excessive tibial plateau angle ( 3), which is a risk factor for development of cranial cruciate ligament tears or rupture. For example, in studies that did not focus on specific breeds or ages of neutering, one found that hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament tears or ruptures were significantly more likely in neutered than intact males and females ( 2). At the same time, several investigations have revealed that joint disorders and some cancers may increase in association with neutering of males and/or females. and much of Europe, the practice of neutering male and spaying female dogs (herein both referred to as neutering) has become routine ( 1) and is increasingly being performed at, or before, 6 months of age. To assist pet owners and veterinarians in deciding on the age of neutering a specific dog, guidelines that avoid increasing the risks of a dog acquiring these joint disorders or cancers are laid out for neutering ages on a breed-by-breed and sex basis. Small-dog breeds seemed to have no increased risks of joint disorders associated with neutering, and in only two small breeds (Boston Terrier and Shih Tzu) was there a significant increase in cancers.
In most cases, the caregiver can choose the age of neutering without increasing the risks of these joint disorders or cancers. There were major breed differences in vulnerability to neutering, both with regard to joint disorders and cancers.
#BREED OF DOG BOXER PLUS#
The goal of the present study was to expand and use the same data collection and analyses to cover an additional 29 breeds, plus three varieties of Poodles. In female Golden Retrievers, there was an increase in one or more of the cancers followed to about 2–4 times that of intact females with neutering at any age. The increase was particularly seen with dogs neutered by 6 months of age. In previous studies on the Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever and German Shepherd Dog, neutering before a year of age was associated with increased risks of one or more joint disorders, 2–4 times that of intact dogs. The cancers include lymphoma, mast cell tumor, hemangiosarcoma, and osteosarcoma. The joint disorders include hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament tear or rupture, and elbow dysplasia. and much of Europe, but recent research reveals that for some dog breeds, neutering may be associated with increased risks of debilitating joint disorders and some cancers, complicating pet owners' decisions on neutering. Neutering (including spaying) of male and female dogs in the first year after birth has become routine in the U.S. 3Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.2Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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